نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1399)

The research seeks to describe the beauty of the female body as a discursive order, to interpret the discourses present in this field as well as the hegemonic mechanisms of representing the female subject within discourse. In this regard, with a qualitative approach and in the framework of the discourse analysis method, the analytical extension of the female body beauty discourses was discussed. Data were collected using semi-structur interview technique among 30 women who were selected through purposeful sampling. The findings of the research led to the interpretation of the body as a subject in three levels of exercise, medicine and diet discourses. The concepts of building and femininity of the body under the guise of sport discourse, standardization and beauty eroticism were formulated in the medical discourse and the concepts of discipline and body shame followed by diet discourse. The interpretation of these three discursive levels shows that patriarchy has the hegemonic aspect as the discourse in the highest level of discursive hegemony and directs the mentality of women in the direction of body management.This discourse with the conception of the ideal woman seeks to negate other forms of femininity and essentially builds the beauty of the feminine body in the form of a male hegemonic look into the feminine body.

Abstract This article analyzes the role of "hijab" in the orientation of active political and social forces in the movement of nationalizing the oil industry in the late twentieth decade (1941-1951). The twentieth century, and especially the evolutions of the late decade, are influenced by two categories of international and national trends: First, the "colonial turn", and the emergence of a new world order after World War II, as well as the Islamic revival as a result of the decline of national monarchies in Islamic countries, And second, the revival of the repressed social and political forces after Reza Khan's ouster, and the revision of the political and social strategies of the modern nationalist forces to overcome the crisis of legitimacy resulting from Reza Khan's authoritarian nationalism. The article will indicate how the issue of women has evolved amid the controversy over oil and elections in the evolutions of the last decade, and will explain three strategies for the issue of hijab among political and social forces: The strategy of political ignorance of hijab, the strategy of social ineffectiveness of hijab, and the strategy of obligating hijab. In this article, for data extraction, the sources and positions of the National Front of Iran, the Tudeh Party of Iran, the Islamic Mojahedin Society and the Jamiat Fadaiyan-e-Islam have been referred to, and first-hand historical and oral history sources have been used.

Overqualification has become a major theme of research after 2008 economic crisis, because it brings about major consequences at social, organizational, and personal levels. There are major differences in the frequency of overqualification, its dimensions, and consequences between different genders and also in different cultural and social contexts. The issue of overqualification among female employees is very much understudied, particularly in the eastern societies. The present paper aims to partially fill this gap by choosing overqualified women employed in the Iranian public sector as its study group. We study the organizational elements that according to our study group mitigate the perception of overqualification and its negative consequences using Glaser's grounded theory approach. The obtained model revealed the pivotal role of meaningfulness in mitigating the perception of overqualification and its negative consequences and a major factor in developing person-job in the study group. In this model, meaningfulness is defined at two levels, namely, job meaningfulness and meaningfulness in the work environment and is further specified in terms of the following five variables: job appreciation, freedom, continuous goal setting, developed relationships, and personal integrity. Focusing on job meaningfulness, we have explained and expanded the results of various variables in the overqualification research literature. The results of the present research addresses the substantial research gap in the overqualification research on female overqualification and enables Iranian organizations to improve the working conditions of overqualified women, despite the economical, market-related, and organizational limitations.

In the process of accepting the crisis situation, people can experience a more pleasant feeling and play a more prominent role in creating family, work and social settings. This research was conducted with the aim of examining the process of accepting the crisis situation in rural areas with an emphasis on the gender impact of women.

The statistical population of the study included rural women who remained in their village after the earthquake in Kermanshah and attempted to cope with the post-earthquake conditions. From this community, sampling was done purposefully to saturation (12 rural women). In this research, the phenomenological method was used to analyze the data. In this way, with the help of non-structured interviews, information was collected related to sample individuals.

The process of accepting the crisis situation in rural women in six phases of the following main themes: "facing the threat (before the earthquake), facing the crisis (after the earthquake), trying to reconstruct the life, the stage of settling in conditions, the link with the down And life-threatening and power-up stages ". Discussion and

This survey illustrates the process women took in the countryside to accept the crisis situation. A process that requires a special effort and effort from women from the beginning to the end according to their feminine characteristics.

The presence of women in the city and attending informal gatherings is part of their daily lives. The main purpose of this study is to describe women's lived experience of the relationships they produce and reproduce as social actors in feminine urban hangouts. Influenced by Henri Lefebvre's theory of space production, the premise of this study is that space and place were not merely a material product but a product of social relations. The main purpose of the present study is to understand women's lived experiences and spatial perceptions of feminine hangouts and their role in reproducing social structure. In order to achieve these goals, relying on phenomenology, interviews and observation were considered as data collection techniques. In this regard, four types of women's hangouts were selected and through targeted sampling, 27 women from Isfahan were interviewed. The present study shows how hangouts such as alleyways and women's religious meetings act as two spaces through which women reproduce the traditional relations of society. In fact, these two spaces have the "reproduction and continuity of traditional spatial practice" that leads to the "ideological reproduction of collective space". In contrast, the two venues, the café and the poetry and music circles, serve as hangouts in which a new form of everyday life is produced that is not based on the reproduction of patriarchal values or the continuation of traditional community values. Such hangouts can be termed the "semiotic production of modern social space", which in some cases, such as literary and artistic circles, leads to "intellectual space production and cultural resistance" and, in combination with other factors, it provides a context for wider cultural and social change.

The purpose of this study was examining and comparing the effectiveness of psychological capital training and behavioral activation therapy on hope among female students of Isfahan University dormitories in the second semester of the academic year 97-98. The research design was pre-test and post-test with control group. The Hope Questionnaire (Schneider Et al 1991) was used to measure hope. The method of sampling was voluntary. First the pre-test was conducted on 45 volunteers. They were then randomly assigned to three groups and of the three groups, two groups were randomly assigned to experimental group 1 and 2 and the other group as control group. Then the two experimental groups received behavioral activation therapy and psychological capital training, respectively; but the control group not received intervention. After the intervention sessions, post-test was administered for all three groups (38 persons in total).The results of analysis of covariance showed significant difference between the post-test hope scores of the groups(P=0.008); Paired comparisons showed that both psychological capital training and behavioral activation therapy significantly have been increased hope as compared to the control group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.019 respectively), but the two intervention groups did not differ significantly in hope scores. The findings suggest that both psychological capital training and behavioral activation therapy can be used to increasing hope.

Achieving political development requires the political participation of social groups in society and women's political participation really matters. In any society the fulfillment of proper participation of women in polities is hindered by specific obstacles.Accordingly, in the present study, attempts have been made to examine the barriers of political participation in women in the Baluchistan region by means of institutionalization and qualitative techniques;qualitative interviews with elitists in Baluchistan provided themes for researchers to specify condition of political participation of women among the Baluch. Findings in the present study state that barriers of political participation of women can be considered from two aspects. First, the way official institution look at women, second, the culture of Baluchistan people. The results suggest that the main obstacles are informal or intangible institutions, such as fathers or patriarchal culture, and some religious beliefs, which, on the one hand, is the cause of women's lack of selflsteem in political activities. On the other hand, legal and formal institutions appear to reflect the less formal institutions that have undergone some kind of institutional process, Nevertheless, participatory institutions such as Islamic councils of the city and village have been able to effectively reduce the influence of informal institutions on political participation of Baluch women gradually.